Congruency precues moderate item-specific proportion congruency effects.

Why it is too early to lose control in accounts of item-specific proportion congruency effects.

The item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effect is the finding of attenuated interference for mostly incongruent as compared to mostly congruent items. A debate in the Stroop literature concerns the mechanisms underlying this effect. Noting a confound between proportion congruency and contingency, Schmidt and Besner (2008) suggested that ISPC effects are entirely contingency based. We int...

Effects of arousal on cognitive control: empirical tests of the conflict-modulated Hebbian-learning hypothesis

An increasing number of empirical phenomena that were previously interpreted as a result of cognitive control, turn out to reflect (in part) simple associative-learning effects. A prime example is the proportion congruency effect, the finding that interference effects (such as the Stroop effect) decrease as the proportion of incongruent stimuli increases. While this was previously regarded as s...

Dissociating proactive and reactive control in the Stroop task

The Dual Mechanisms of Control framework posits the existence of two distinct control mechanisms, proactive and reactive, which may operate independently. However, this independence has been difficult to study with most experimental paradigms. The Stroop task may provide a useful way of assessing the independence of control mechanisms because the task elicits two types of proportion congruency ...

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance Why It Is too Early to Lose Control in Accounts of Item-Specific Proportion Congruency Effects

Resolved but not forgotten: Stroop conflict dredges up the past

The magnitude of congruency effects depends on, among other things, the specifics of previous trials. To explain these modulating effects, a host of mechanisms by which previous trials affect the processing of relevant and irrelevant information on the present trial have been proposed, including feature repetition advantages, negative priming, item-specific proportion congruency (ISPC) effects,...